Iowa Old Capitol Building

Standing proudly at the heart of the University of Iowa's campus in Iowa City, the Iowa Old Capitol Building is a beacon of historical significance and architectural beauty. This iconic structure, crowned with a shimmering gold dome, has witnessed the birth of Iowa's statehood and the evolution of its premier public university. Its storied past and timeless elegance make it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.

The Birthplace of Iowa's Government

The Old Capitol Building's history dates back to the early 19th century when Iowa City was designated as the capital of the Iowa Territory. Designed by John F. Rague, with possible contributions from missionary priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli, the building's construction began with the laying of its cornerstone on July 4, 1840. The design was inspired by Rague's earlier work on the Illinois State Capitol, although initial sketches depicted a more elaborate structure with two domes and a central tower.

The Old Capitol Building served as the seat of Iowa's territorial government and later, its state government. It was within these walls that the Iowa constitution was crafted, and the state's first governor was inaugurated. The building also hosted the first six Iowa General Assemblies. Just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union on December 28, 1846, legislation was passed within the Old Capitol authorizing the formation of the State University of Iowa, now known as the University of Iowa.

A University Landmark

When the state capital moved to Des Moines in 1857, the Old Capitol Building transitioned to a new role as the first permanent building of the University of Iowa. From 1857 to 1863, it housed nearly the entire university, serving as a library, chapel, armory, and providing space for classrooms and offices. As the university expanded, the Old Capitol remained its focal point, symbolizing the institution's rich history and enduring legacy.

The building is situated at the center of the Pentacrest, a historic district comprising five buildings arranged in an X pattern. The four other buildings—Jessup Hall, MacBride Hall, MacLean Hall, and Schaeffer Hall—surround the Old Capitol, further emphasizing its central importance to the university's campus.

Restoration and Preservation

Recognizing the historical significance of the Old Capitol Building, the state of Iowa authorized a major renovation in the 1920s. This effort ensured that the building continued to function as a classroom and office space until the 1970s. However, by this time, another renovation was necessary. Under the leadership of educator and conservationist Margaret Keyes, the university undertook a six-year project to restore the building to its original 1850s condition. This meticulous restoration was completed in 1976, and the Old Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 7 of that year.

In November 2001, a fire caused by contractors working on the building's gold dome resulted in significant damage. The fire was contained to the cupola, but the dome was destroyed, and the bell was irreparably damaged. A new wood dome, covered with 23¾ carat gold leaf, was installed in February 2003, along with a new bell. The old bell is now displayed inside the building as a testament to its resilience.

The Old Capitol Museum

Today, the Old Capitol Building serves as a museum, offering visitors a glimpse into Iowa's rich history. The ground floor features exhibits detailing the building's past, the university's history, and the state's development. University meetings and speeches are still held in the building, and Ph.D. students often defend their dissertations in its historic chambers.

The Old Capitol's significance extends beyond its historical role; it is also a symbol of the University of Iowa. The university's official logo features a graphic representation of the Old Capitol dome, underscoring its importance to the institution's identity.

Visiting the Old Capitol

Visitors to the Old Capitol Building can explore its beautifully restored interiors, learn about Iowa's early governance, and appreciate the architectural details that make this landmark so unique. The museum offers a range of exhibits and educational programs, making it an engaging destination for all ages.

As you stroll through the Pentacrest, take a moment to admire the Old Capitol's stately columns and gleaming dome. Imagine the pivotal moments in Iowa's history that unfolded within its walls and appreciate the efforts taken to preserve this iconic structure for future generations.

In conclusion, the Iowa Old Capitol Building is more than just a historic monument; it is a symbol of the state's journey from territory to statehood and the growth of its flagship university. Its rich history, architectural beauty, and continued relevance make it an essential stop for anyone visiting Iowa City.