Fort Christina

Step back in time and immerse yourself in the rich history of Fort Christina, the first Swedish settlement in North America. This historical treasure, nestled at the confluence of the Brandywine and Christina Rivers in Wilmington, Delaware, is a testament to the enduring legacy of the New Sweden colony. Established in 1638 and named in honor of Queen Christina of Sweden, Fort Christina stands as a symbol of early colonial ambition, cultural exchange, and the indomitable spirit of its settlers.

The Birth of New Sweden

The story of Fort Christina begins with the vision of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who aspired to expand his realm's influence across the Atlantic. On March 29, 1638, Swedish settlers arrived at the Delaware Bay aboard the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip, led by the intrepid Peter Minuit. They landed at a natural wharf known as The Rocks, a strategic location chosen for its suitability for trade with the local Lenape people and its defensibility.

Minuit quickly recognized the potential of the site and ordered the construction of an earthwork fort around The Rocks. This marked the establishment of Fort Christina, a beacon of Swedish presence in the New World. The fort's initial purpose was to facilitate trade, particularly in beaver pelts, and to serve as a stronghold against potential Dutch and Native American threats.

Fortress and Settlement

As more Swedish colonists arrived, the settlement around Fort Christina began to flourish. Homes and farms sprang up outside the fort's confines, creating a vibrant community. Under the leadership of Governor Peter Hollander Ridder, the fort's defenses were strengthened in 1640 to ward off any potential attacks. The fort was completely rebuilt in 1647, further solidifying its importance as the heart of New Sweden.

The Swedes' presence in the region was not without conflict. The Dutch, who had laid claim to the area, viewed the Swedish settlement as a threat. Tensions escalated, leading to a series of confrontations. In 1651, the Dutch established Fort Casimir just seven miles south of Fort Christina to intimidate the Swedes. However, the Swedes, under Governor Johan Risingh, captured Fort Casimir in 1654, prompting the Dutch to retaliate.

The Fall of Fort Christina

In 1655, the Dutch, led by Peter Stuyvesant, launched a formidable assault on Fort Christina. After a ten-day siege, the fort surrendered, marking the end of the official Swedish colonial presence in North America. Despite this, many of the Swedish settlers remained in the area, continuing their linguistic and religious practices under Dutch rule. The fort was renamed Fort Altena, and the land became part of New Netherland until the English seized control in 1664.

Under English rule, the original fortifications of Fort Christina fell into disrepair and eventually disappeared. However, the site continued to play a role in American history. During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, new fortifications were built on the same site, including Fort Union. Notable figures such as Caesar Augustus Rodney and James A. Bayard Sr. were involved in the defense of these fortifications.

Fort Christina National Historic Landmark

In 1938, the state of Delaware commemorated the 300th anniversary of the Swedish settlement by creating a park that included The Rocks and the site of the former forts. The dedication ceremony was attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and members of the Swedish royal family, including Crown Prince Gustav Adolf. The Swedish people presented a monument topped with a replica of the Kalmar Nyckel, designed by sculptor Carl Milles, as a gift to the United States.

During the ceremony, the Crown Prince spoke of the enduring friendship between Sweden and the United States, highlighting the historical significance of Fort Christina as the first permanent settlement in the Delaware Valley. This monument stands as a reminder of the bravery and determination of the early Swedish pioneers who crossed the Atlantic to establish a new life in the New World.

In 1961, Fort Christina was designated a National Historic Landmark, further cementing its importance in American history. The site is now part of the First State National Historical Park, ensuring its preservation for future generations to explore and appreciate.

A Living Legacy

Today, visitors to Fort Christina can walk in the footsteps of the early Swedish settlers and imagine the challenges and triumphs they experienced. The park offers a serene and picturesque setting, perfect for reflection and exploration. The monument, with its striking design and historical significance, serves as a focal point for visitors to learn about the rich cultural heritage of the site.

Fort Christina is not just a relic of the past; it is a living testament to the enduring spirit of exploration, resilience, and cultural exchange. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a curious traveler, or someone seeking a deeper connection to the roots of American history, a visit to Fort Christina promises to be a memorable and enriching experience.